a) What is meant by the term "pollution"? [1] b) Write the causes of water pollution. [2] c) How can we prevent water pollution? [2]

a) Meaning of Pollution

Pollution refers to the contamination of the natural environment by harmful substances or products of human activities, leading to adverse changes in the physical, chemical, or biological properties of the environment. It disrupts the balance of ecosystems, harms living organisms, and affects human health and well-being.

Pollution can be classified into different types, such as air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, and light pollution. Each type has distinct causes and effects, but all contribute to environmental degradation.

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b) Causes of Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs due to the introduction of harmful substances into water bodies, making the water unsafe for drinking, recreation, or aquatic life. The main causes are:

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• Industrial Waste: Factories release toxic chemicals, heavy metals (e.g., mercury, lead), and other pollutants into rivers, lakes, and oceans.
• Domestic Sewage: Untreated sewage from households contains pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses) and organic waste, which contaminate water sources.
• Agricultural Runoff: Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides in farming leads to nutrient pollution (eutrophication) and chemical contamination of water.
• Oil Spills: Accidental or intentional release of oil from ships, offshore drilling, or industrial accidents pollutes water bodies, killing marine life.
• Mining Activities: Mining releases harmful minerals (e.g., arsenic, cadmium) and sediments into water, affecting aquatic ecosystems.
• Deforestation: Loss of trees reduces water absorption, increases soil erosion, and leads to sedimentation in water bodies.

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c) Prevention of Water Pollution

To protect water resources and maintain ecological balance, the following measures can be taken:

• Proper Waste Disposal:
  • Treat industrial and domestic waste before discharging it into water bodies.
  • Use sewage treatment plants to remove harmful contaminants.
• Use of Eco-Friendly Products:
  • Reduce the use of chemicals like fertilizers, pesticides, and detergents.
  • Promote organic farming and biodegradable products.
• Afforestation:
  • Plant more trees to prevent soil erosion and reduce sediment pollution in water bodies.
• Public Awareness:
  • Educate communities about the importance of clean water and responsible water usage.
  • Encourage participation in clean-up drives and conservation programs.
• Strict Laws and Regulations:
  • Enforce environmental laws to penalize industries and individuals causing water pollution.
  • Monitor water quality regularly and impose fines for violations.

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Note: Always emphasize the role of individual responsibility in preventing pollution, as small actions collectively lead to significant environmental improvements.