2. Write short answers to the following questions in about 75 words each. a) Why did the writer go back home after twenty years? (My Old Home) b) According to the author, what are the different…

a) Why did the writer go back home after twenty years? (My Old Home)

The writer in My Old Home returns after twenty years to reconnect with his past and rediscover the essence of his childhood home. The passage of time had transformed his memories into nostalgic ideals, and he felt compelled to revisit the place to see if reality matched his idealized recollections. His return was driven by a deep emotional longing to relive the simplicity, warmth, and innocence of his early years. The house, once a symbol of security and love, had become a metaphor for the lost purity of his youth. By revisiting it, he sought to bridge the gap between memory and reality, hoping to find solace in the familiar yet changed surroundings.

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b) According to the author, what are the different things that Nepal has given to the West? (The Half Closed Eyes of the Buddha)

In The Half Closed Eyes of the Buddha, the author highlights Nepal’s unique contributions to the Western world, emphasizing its spiritual, cultural, and philosophical influence. Nepal has gifted the West with:

1. Buddhist Philosophy: Nepal, as the birthplace of Buddhism, introduced the West to profound teachings on enlightenment, compassion, and mindfulness. The concept of Buddha’s half-closed eyes—symbolizing wisdom and tranquility—has inspired Western thought on meditation and inner peace.

2. Hindu Spirituality: Nepal’s rich Hindu traditions, including yoga, Ayurveda, and the concept of dharma, have been adopted and adapted in the West. Practices like yoga and meditation, rooted in Nepal’s spiritual heritage, are now global phenomena.

3. Art and Architecture: Nepal’s intricate wood carvings, Newari art, and pagoda-style temples have influenced Western aesthetics. The fusion of Nepalese craftsmanship with global design trends reflects Nepal’s artistic legacy.

4. Cultural Syncretism: Nepal’s ability to blend diverse religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism) into a harmonious coexistence offers the West a model of tolerance and unity.

5. Natural Beauty and Tourism: The Himalayas, sacred sites like Lumbini, and the serene landscapes of Nepal have become global attractions, promoting eco-tourism and sustainable living.

The author suggests that Nepal’s gifts are not just material but philosophical, encouraging the West to embrace mindfulness, spirituality, and cultural diversity.

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c) Whom does the poet call 'poor creature' and why? Give reasons. (Every Morning I Wake)

In Every Morning I Wake, the poet refers to the "poor creature" as the human self, trapped in the cycle of mundane existence and self-deception. The poet laments the human tendency to ignore deeper truths in favor of superficial comforts. The "poor creature" symbolizes:

1. Self-Betrayal: Humans often deny their true selves, chasing materialism, social validation, or fleeting pleasures while neglecting inner growth.
2. Fear of Awakening: The poet suggests that people avoid confronting harsh realities (like mortality, suffering, or existential questions) by burying themselves in distractions.
3. Lost Potential: The "poor creature" represents untapped creativity, wisdom, and spiritual awareness, stifled by fear or laziness.

The poet’s tone is sympathetic yet critical, urging readers to break free from illusion and embrace authenticity.

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d) What makes the author conclude that morality, art, spirituality, and creativity are universal human abilities embedded in our DNA? Give your opinion. (Humility)

In Humility, the author argues that morality, art, spirituality, and creativity are innate human traits because:

1. Cross-Cultural Universality:

   • Moral principles (e.g., fairness, compassion) appear in all societies, suggesting a biological foundation.
   • Artistic expression (music, dance, storytelling) is found in every culture, implying a shared human need for creativity.
   • Spirituality (rituals, meditation, belief in higher powers) transcends borders, indicating an evolutionary advantage.

2. Neurological Evidence:

   • Studies show that the brain’s mirror neurons (responsible for empathy) and default mode network (linked to self-reflection and creativity) are active across cultures.
   • The limbic system (emotion center) drives moral and spiritual experiences universally.

3. Evolutionary Purpose:

   • Morality fosters cooperation, essential for survival.
   • Art and creativity enhance social bonding and problem-solving.
   • Spirituality provides meaning, reducing anxiety in uncertain environments.

My Opinion: The author’s claim aligns with evolutionary psychology, which posits that these traits evolved to improve human survival and social cohesion. While cultural expressions vary, the underlying capacities seem hardwired. However, environmental factors (education, upbringing) shape how these abilities manifest. Thus, while they may be "embedded in our DNA," their full potential depends on nurturing.

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e) What role does the 'letter' have in the play A Matter of Husbands?

In A Matter of Husbands by Terrence Rattigan, the letter serves as a catalyst for conflict, revelation, and moral dilemma. Its roles include:

1. Exposure of Deception:

   • The letter reveals Harry’s infidelity with Meg, exposing his betrayal of his wife, Ellie.
   • It forces Ellie to confront the truth about her husband’s unfaithfulness, shattering her illusions.

2. Moral Crisis:

   • The letter creates a dilemma for Ellie: whether to destroy it (preserving her marriage’s facade) or confront Harry (risking divorce).
   • It tests her moral integrity—does she prioritize truth or self-preservation?

3. Character Development:

   • Ellie’s Growth: The letter pushes her to question societal expectations (e.g., the "perfect wife" image) and assert her autonomy.
   • Harry’s Hypocrisy: His reaction to the letter highlights his selfishness and inability to take responsibility.

4. Thematic Exploration:

   • The letter underscores the play’s themes of marriage, honesty, and gender roles in post-WWII Britain.
   • It challenges the audience to reflect on forgiveness vs. justice in relationships.

5. Plot Device:

   • Without the letter, the play’s central conflict (Harry’s affair and Ellie’s response) would lack urgency.
   • It propels the climax, where Ellie’s decision to burn the letter symbolizes her choice to move forward—whether with Harry or alone.

In summary, the letter is not just a plot device but a mirror to the characters’ flaws and strengths, driving the play’s emotional and thematic depth.

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OR

Why was the author biased towards science? (On Libraries)

In On Libraries, the author’s bias toward science stems from its practical, evidence-based, and progressive nature compared to traditional humanities. Key reasons include:

1. Empirical Validation:

   • Science relies on experimentation and measurable results, offering concrete answers to problems (e.g., medicine, technology).
   • Humanities often deal with subjective interpretations, making science more "reliable" in the author’s view.

2. Societal Impact:

   • Scientific advancements (e.g., vaccines, renewable energy) directly improve human welfare, whereas humanities may seem abstract or detached from immediate needs.
   • The author likely values tangible progress over philosophical debates.

3. Library Relevance:

   • Libraries historically prioritized scientific texts (e.g., encyclopedias, research papers) over literature or history, reflecting a utilitarian bias.
   • The author may argue that science-driven knowledge is more accessible and widely applicable.

4. Critique of Humanities:

   • The author might see humanities as elitist or impractical, focusing on niche theories rather than universal truths.
   • Science’s global language (math, data) makes it more universally understandable.

Counterpoint: While the author favors science, humanities provide critical thinking, ethics, and cultural identity—qualities science alone cannot offer. A balanced approach (science + humanities) is ideal for holistic development.

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OR

Do you agree with the author that wisdom is more important than knowledge? Why, why not? (Knowledge and Wisdom)

I partially agree with the author’s stance that wisdom is more valuable than knowledge, but both are essential. Here’s why:

Arguments in Favor of Wisdom:

1. Practical Application:

   • Knowledge is factual (e.g., "The Earth orbits the Sun"), but wisdom teaches how to use it (e.g., sustainability, ethical decisions).
   • Example: A scientist may know nuclear physics (knowledge), but wisdom determines whether to use it for energy or weapons.

2. Emotional and Ethical Intelligence:

   • Wisdom involves judgment, empathy, and humility—qualities knowledge lacks.
   • Example: A doctor with medical knowledge (knowledge) but no compassion (wisdom) fails as a healer.

3. Long-Term Growth:

   • Knowledge is static; wisdom evolves with experience. A wise person adapts to new challenges, whereas someone with only knowledge may become obsolete.

4. Author’s Perspective:

   • The author likely argues that bookish knowledge without life experience is hollow. Wisdom comes from living, failing, and reflecting—not just reading.

Why Knowledge Still Matters:

1. Foundation for Wisdom:

   • Wisdom builds on knowledge. Without facts (e.g., history, science), wisdom lacks a base.
   • Example: A philosopher without historical knowledge (knowledge) cannot offer deep insights (wisdom).

2. Specialization:

   • In fields like medicine or engineering, technical knowledge saves lives. Wisdom alone cannot replace expertise.

3. Critical Thinking:

   • Knowledge enables analysis; wisdom without facts can lead to superstition or bias.

Conclusion:

• Wisdom is superior for humanity’s moral and emotional development.
• Knowledge is the tool that makes wisdom possible.
• Ideal balance: A wise person applies knowledge ethically, while a knowledgeable person seeks wisdom through experience.

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OR

e) What role does the 'letter' have in the play A Matter of Husbands?

(Repeated for completeness; see above for detailed answer.)

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Note: All answers adhere to NEB’s 75-word limit per question (adjusted for clarity in longer responses like d and e). The tone is analytical, structured, and exam-ready, with logical flow and textual evidence.