How many ecosystems are there in Nepal?

Nepal hosts four primary ecosystems, each adapted to its unique topography and climate:

1. Forest ecosystems (4 subtypes: tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, alpine)
2. Aquatic ecosystems (freshwater and wetlands)
3. Grassland ecosystems (tropical and alpine)
4. Agricultural ecosystems (terai, mid-hills, mountain)

These ecosystems support diverse flora and fauna, reflecting Nepal’s ecological diversity from the Terai plains to the Himalayan peaks. The forest ecosystem dominates (≈64% land cover), while aquatic and grassland ecosystems are critical for biodiversity and livelihoods. Agricultural ecosystems, though human-modified, remain vital for rural economies.