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Eco Economics

EconomicsNEB 2082

Mention any two indicators of human development.

1

Answer

· Based on the official syllabus and past papers
Updated

Human development indicators are quantitative measures used to assess the well-being of individuals and societies beyond economic growth. Two key indicators of human development are:

  1. Human Development Index (HDI) The HDI is a composite index that measures three key dimensions of human development:

    • Life expectancy at birth (health dimension),
    • Expected years of schooling (education dimension), and
    • Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (standard of living dimension). It is calculated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and ranks countries on a scale from 0 to 1, where higher values indicate better human development.

  2. Gender Development Index (GDI) The GDI measures gender disparities in human development by comparing the HDI values of women and men. It adjusts the HDI for inequalities between genders in three dimensions:

    • Reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio),
    • Empowerment (female participation in decision-making), and
    • Economic opportunities (female labor force participation and income). A lower GDI value indicates greater gender inequality in human development.

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