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Bio Biology

BiologyNEB 2076 (old course)

What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?

1

Answer

· Based on the official syllabus and past papers
Updated

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell due to their central role in cellular respiration and energy production. They perform the following key functions:

  • Energy production: Mitochondria generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of the cell, through oxidative phosphorylation and the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle).
  • Metabolic regulation: They regulate metabolic pathways, including the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce energy.
  • Apoptosis: Mitochondria play a crucial role in programmed cell death (apoptosis) by releasing cytochrome c and other pro-apoptotic factors.
  • Calcium storage: They act as calcium ion reservoirs, influencing cellular signaling and muscle contraction.
  • Hormone synthesis: In certain cells, mitochondria are involved in synthesizing steroid hormones and other signaling molecules.

Their double membrane structure (outer and inner membranes with cristae folds) maximizes surface area for efficient energy production.

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