Answer in short on any seven. a) Name main component of matrix. [1] b) What is organogenesis? [1] c) What is…

Question

Answer in short on any seven. a) Name main component of matrix. [1] b) What is organogenesis? [1] c) What is meant by dead space? [1] d) Why is ultrafiltration called so? [1] e) In which part of oviduct fertilization occurs? [1] f) Write full form of ELISA. [1] g) Why and when was TB declared as world emergency? [1] h) What do you mean by allograft? [1] i) Who invented the first antibiotics? [1] j) What are pules? [1]

Padhai · Accepted Answer

Detailed Explanations (for reference, not required in exam):

a) Main component of matrix

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is primarily composed of collagen (provides structural support), proteoglycans (hydration and resilience), and glycoproteins (cell adhesion). Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals, forming fibrous networks in tissues like skin, bone, and cartilage.

b) Organogenesis

Organogenesis begins after gastrulation, where ectoderm forms the nervous system and epidermis, mesoderm develops into muscles, bones, and circulatory systems, and endoderm gives rise to internal organs (e.g., liver, lungs). Hormonal signals (e.g., FGF, Wnt) regulate this process.

c) Dead space

Dead space is classified into:

Anatomical dead space (airways like trachea/bronchi, ~150 mL in adults).
Physiological dead space (includes alveoli with poor blood flow). Total dead space can be measured using the Bohr equation: $V_{D} = \frac{V _{C O_{2}} \times ( P _{A O_{2}} - P _{E C O_{2}} )}{P _{E C O_{2}} \times ( P _{A O_{2}} - P _{A C O_{2}} )}$ where $V_{D}$ = dead space volume, $P_{A O_{2}}$ = alveolar O₂ pressure.

d) Ultrafiltration

In the glomerulus, blood pressure (~55 mmHg) forces fluid through the basement membrane, filtering out:

Filtrate: Water, glucose, urea, ions (Na⁺, Cl⁻).
Retained: Proteins, RBCs, platelets. The term "ultra-" reflects the fine filtration (pore size ~3 nm), separating molecules by size/charge.

e) Fertilization in oviduct

The ampulla (part of the fallopian tube) is the primary site due to:

Optimal sperm-egg encounter (sperm capacitation occurs here).
Chemical cues (e.g., progesterone attracts sperm). Fertilization typically occurs 12–24 hours post-ovulation.

f) ELISA

ELISA detects antigens/antibodies via:

Coating: Antigen/antibody immobilized on a plate.
Blocking: Prevents non-specific binding.
Detection: Enzyme-linked secondary antibody binds, producing a colorimetric signal (e.g., TMB substrate turns blue).

g) TB emergency declaration

The 1993 WHO declaration was triggered by:

30 million deaths (1980–1993).
Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) emergence.
HIV-TB co-infection (accelerating TB spread in Africa).

h) Allograft

Allografts require immunosuppressants (e.g., tacrolimus, cyclosporine) to prevent graft rejection (host immune response). Success rates depend on HLA matching (human leukocyte antigens).

i) Antibiotics discovery

Fleming observed Penicillium notatum inhibiting Staphylococcus in 1928. Mass production began in 1941 by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, saving millions during WWII.

j) Pulses

Pulses are dried legume seeds (e.g., lentils, chickpeas, pigeon peas), high in:

Protein (20–25% dry weight).
Fiber (reduces cholesterol).
Micronutrients (iron, zinc, folate). The FAO promotes pulses for sustainable agriculture (nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots).

Answer in short on any seven. a) Name main component of matrix. [1] b) What is organogenesis? [1] c) What is meant by dead space? [1] d) Why is ultrafiltration called so? [1] e) In which part of…