Distinguish between titration error and normality factor.

| **Aspect**          | **Titration Error**                                                                 | **Normality Factor**                                                                 |
|----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Definition**       | Systematic or random mistakes during titration that affect the accuracy of results. | A correction factor applied to standard solutions to account for deviations from theoretical normality. |
| **Cause**            | Human errors (e.g., parallax error, improper burette reading), instrumental errors, or chemical impurities. | Impurities in reagents, side reactions, or incomplete reactions affecting stoichiometry. |
| **Effect**           | Leads to incorrect titration volume readings, skewing results.                     | Adjusts the concentration of the standard solution to match its actual effective strength. |
| **Correction**       | Minimized by careful technique, calibration, and repeated trials.                   | Determined experimentally (e.g., via back titration or gravimetric analysis).       |
| **Example**          | Overestimating burette reading due to meniscus misjudgment.                        | A 0.1 M HCl solution may have a normality factor of 1.02 due to impurities.            |