Microprocessor and Computer Architecture TU Board 2026 question paper

Explain the internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor. Describe the functions of the ALU, accumulator, general-purpose registers, program counter, stack pointer, instruction register, and control unit.

Explain the different addressing modes of the 8085 microprocessor with suitable instruction examples.

Differentiate between RISC and CISC architectures on the basis of instruction set, instruction format, execution time, addressing modes, hardware complexity, and pipelining.

Explain the concept of Direct Memory Access (DMA). Describe the steps involved when a DMA controller transfers a block of data between an I/O device and memory.

Explain arithmetic, logical, and shift micro-operations with suitable examples. Also state the purpose of each type of micro-operation.

Compare hardwired and microprogrammed control units in terms of implementation, speed, flexibility, complexity, and modification of the instruction set.

Explain instruction pipelining. Discuss structural hazards, data hazards, and control hazards, and describe suitable techniques used to reduce these pipeline hazards.

Answer the following: a. Explain the instruction cycle, machine cycle, and T-state in the 8085 microprocessor. Describe the sequence of operations performed while executing the instruction MVI A, 32H. [6.5] b. Write an 8085 assembly language program to search an array of eight unsigned numbers and store the smallest number at a specified memory location. [6]

Answer the following: a. Explain the stored-program concept and describe how the CPU, memory, input unit, and output unit communicate through address, data, and control buses. [6.5] b. Explain Booth's multiplication algorithm. Using the algorithm, demonstrate the multiplication of binary numbers (+5) and (−3). [6]

Answer the following: a. Explain the memory hierarchy of a computer system. Discuss registers, cache memory, main memory, and secondary memory in terms of speed, capacity, cost, and access time. Also explain the concept of memory address mapping. [6.5] b. Explain the major components of the 8086 microprocessor. Discuss the functions of the Bus Interface Unit, Execution Unit, segment registers, instruction pointer, general-purpose registers, and instruction queue. [6] OR Compare isolated I/O and memory-mapped I/O in terms of address space, instructions used, control signals, available I/O addresses, and system complexity with suitable examples.