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IT220 Database Management System

Database Management System notes

9 chapter notes, in syllabus order. Each starts with the key points.

Unit 1 · 6 hrs

DBMS Basics: Data Models, DBMS vs File Systems, DBMS Architecture & ApplicationsUnit 1 of Database Management System introduces core concepts like data models (hierarchical, network, relational), the role of DBMS in managing data efficiently, its architecture (3-tier model), and real-world applications in banking, e-commerce, and government systems. This note covers definitions, advantages, disadv8 min read

Unit 2 · 10 hrs

ER Model & Database Design: Entities, Attributes, Relationships & SchemasUnit 2 of Database Management System covers the Entity-Relationship (ER) model, its components (entities, attributes, relationships), constraints, and the step-by-step process of designing a database schema from real-world requirements, including conversion to relational tables.9 min read

Unit 3 · 12 hrs

Relational Model, Normalization & Schema DesignUnit 3 of Database Management System explores the relational data model’s structure, integrity constraints, and normalization techniques (1NF–BCNF) to eliminate redundancy and anomalies, with SQL implementation and real-world case studies from Nepalese apps like eSewa and banks.13 min read

Unit 4 · 10 hrs

SQL & Query Processing: Syntax, Joins, Subqueries, Views, IndexesUnit 4 of Database Management System covers SQL fundamentals (DDL, DML, DCL), query processing (optimization, execution plans), joins (inner, outer, cross), subqueries, views, and indexes—with real-world examples from eSewa transactions, Daraz order tracking, and Ncell billing systems.6 min read

Unit 5 · 12 hrs

Transactions, Locks, Isolation, Deadlocks & RecoveryUnit 5 of Database Management System explores how databases maintain data integrity during concurrent operations, covering ACID properties, transaction states, locking mechanisms, concurrency control, deadlock handling, and recovery techniques with real-world examples from banking, e-commerce, and telecom systems.6 min read

Unit 6 · 6 hrs

Database Security & Integrity Constraints: Rules, Attacks & SafeguardsUnit 6 of Database Management System explores how to protect databases from unauthorized access, corruption, and errors while ensuring data remains accurate, consistent, and reliable through constraints, encryption, and access controls.10 min read

Unit 7 · 8 hrs

Advanced Databases: Distributed & Object-Relational SystemsUnit 7 of Database Management System: Explores how databases scale across networks (distributed DBs) and integrate complex data types (object-relational DBs), with real-world examples from Nepal’s e-commerce and banking sectors.13 min read

Unit 8 · 6 hrs

Database Administration & Embedded SQL: Roles, Tasks & IntegrationUnit 8 of Database Management System explores database administration (DBA) roles, responsibilities, and tools alongside Embedded SQL—how SQL integrates with host programming languages like C/Java—to build dynamic database-driven applications.12 min read

Unit 9 · 6 hrs

Aggregation, Grouping, Window Functions & Advanced SQL QueriesUnit 9 of Database Management System explores advanced SQL querying techniques—aggregation (GROUP BY, HAVING), window functions (RANK, ROWNUMBER), subqueries, joins with filtering, and Common Table Expressions (CTEs)—with real-world examples from Nepali apps like eSewa and Daraz, and exam-focused worked examples.9 min read